As stated in Table B.2 , listing polymer uses by the Navy, polymeric matrix composites and advanced composites composing one or more stiff, high-strength reinforced fibers with a compatible resin system are already used for many Navy applications, such as radar domes, rocket motor casings, and aircraft structural parts. Nearly all the deformation due to contact or sliding takes place in the polymer, and the surface finish of the counterface has a strong influence on the mechanisms of the resulting wear. application of polymers 1. medicine:- many biomaterials, especially heart valve replacements and blood vessels, are made of polymers like dacron, teflon and polyurethane. A few chemicals that are handled in chemical factories – such as powerful oxidising agents, strong caustic alkalis, bromine and wet chlorine – still pose severe problems for general-purpose resins. Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features? The process by which the polymers are formed is called polymerisation. Paints when applied on a structure create barrier between the structural surface and corrosion causing phenomenon. Bug holes and voids are to be filled with epoxy putty. Microencapsulation of liquids and solids is an innovative micro-packaging technology which provides textiles with new properties.12, 13 Microencapsulation involves the production of microcapsules which act as tiny containers of solids. All rights reserved. It can instantly absorb about 800 times its mass in water. Any navy vessel will face challenging conditions at sea. This is a relatively new field, but skin grafts, biocompatible coatings, and controlled drug release applications are already being tested. It is rare for FRP articles to be attacked as rapidly as some common metals when placed in contact with acids. Adapted from L. Chunyan, P.-M. Wu, S. Lee, A. Gorton, M.J. Schulz, C.H. An intelligent composite structure wired with a network of embedded sensors and actuators that monitors and responds to its own health no longer seems a distant possibility. This is truly the polymer age! They are all polymers! However the sensor was bulky (in thickness) and use of air-cavity can prove to be lethal when employed for in-vivo applications (Fig. The toxicity of dendrimers is significantly influenced by the type of end groups and also the dendrimer's generation [49]. Sharma et al. These two classes of wear mechanism, involving surface and subsurface deformation respectively, have been termed interfacial and cohesive wear processes. Compared to the likely scene fifty years from now, the current state of knowledge and practice of FRP applications in structural engineering can be considered as only in its infancy. These microscopic spheres containing PCM are called PCM-microcapsules. PVDF is an ideal biomaterial because it is nontoxic, inert, resistant to water absorption (absorbs < 0.04% by weight), biocompatible [82] and clean-room friendly. Aside from the present use of advanced composites in bow domes, several applications external to the pressure hull will be evaluated, and several others, such as “intelligent” hulls with special embedded sensors, are under consideration by the Navy. There are many different kinds of polymer materials, including cellulose, natural or biopolymers, silicones and plastics. It is recommended that surface preparation be accomplished using abrasive or water-blasting techniques, and all contaminants that could interfere with the bond between the FRP system and concrete substrate should be removed. Use of PVDF in piezoelectric mode yields the highest sensitivity. A successful use of advanced composites in more critical load-bearing shipboard structures will likely pose many scientific as well as technological challenges, including the further improvement of existing manufacturing methods as well as the development of new ones. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. There are different types of paints available as per requirements and place of application on ship. 8.31). The emphasis is on practicalities rather than theory. In the same way the atoms within the polymer are bonded to each … Because of the ubiquitous properties of polyethylene and polypropylene, they were considered for fabricating biocompatible devices. In contrast, Chunyan et al. APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS:- In smart polymer applications in textiles, PCMs and colour change polymers mostly take the form of microcapsules. Polymer application in biomedical devices and instruments is noteworthy and several discoveries or inventions in the field have raised the standard of human living. Light weight, corrosion-resistance, and ease of manufacture provide the main impetus for the use of polymers in these applications, and the market share of polymers for such applications is anticipated to continue to grow steadily in the future. The U.S. Navy has build several minehunting ships with glass-reinforced plastic hulls fabricated under a license to U.S. industry from an Italian firm. While Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) tests indicate that a variety of specially treated composites performed better in a fire environment relative to aluminum and steel, it is also known that burning composite resins can generate smoke and noxious fumes. kept on board. The application of polymers are divided into various types of fields: Agricultural field: Mulching films, green house films are the best examples for the polymer films. Ready to take your reading offline? Phys. Synthetic polymers are so well integrated into the fabric of society that we take little notice of our dependence on them. Compression or stress in the membrane produces charge, which is recorded using the metalized electrodes coated on either side of the diaphragm. A detailed account of the application of such surface modification is included in the chapter, which covered drug delivery devices, tissue adhesives, bone substituents, etc. (B) Mounted on a catheter. [83] reported the film to be spin-coated on a flat substrate and transferred onto the rounded catheter backing. The glass and carbon fibers commonly used in structural engineering applications have diameters in the order of 10 microns and produce composite elastic modulus in the range of 20–200 GPa (between those of concrete and steel) and tensile strength in the range of 400–2800 MPa (approximately 1–7 times the yield strength of reinforcing steel) (Gunes, 2004). The sea and weather will demand much from not only the exterior but also the interior of the ship. Microscopic spheres that contain colour-changing polymers are called photochromic microcapsules or thermochromic microcapsules. Entrapment of a hydrophobic drug into the micelles occurred due to the hydrophobic interactions or by covalent attachment to the polymeric block that forms the hydrophobic domain. To prevent dissolution while in the liquid state, PCMs are enclosed in small plastic spheres with diameters of only a few micrometers. The polymeric micelles are another example of organic hosts that favor the preparation of an efficient DDS due to their advantageous features such as: (1) suitable size (nanometric), (2) high structural stability, (3) amphiphilic behavior that attaches to hydrophobic and hydrophilic therapeutic agents, (4) prolonged blood circulation, and (5) versatile synthesis methods [50,51]. Examples are given of typical products and how they are used. Polymer, any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules that are multiples of simpler chemical units. The Navy also makes use of polymers in more critical and demanding applications, such as in load-bearing polymeric matrix composites, special coatings for signature control, coatings for corrosion reduction in waste-holding tanks, fuel storage tanks, and metal pipe linings, and so on, where polymers are often applied as part of a technology package to meet the needed performance criteria. This area provides significant opportunities for the Navy to improve the performance of its surface ships and submarines. It must be stressed that the resistance of FRP to highly reactive chemicals is generally very good. These identical structures, we understand as a unit made up of two or more molecules, join together to form a long chain. Otherwise, the well-informed selection of materials, in consultation with the suppliers and after reference to the relevant data banks, means that problems with chemical attack can be avoided. The use of polymers by the Navy reflects the unique performance advantages potentially realizable from these materials (summarized in Table B.1). An extract of these sub-marine data will be entered in the Register published by GL, if the Naval Administration agrees. You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. While such coatings are extensively used by the Navy, the panel believes that there are many new opportunities to improve the performance of coatings and to extend their range of applications, e.g., the reduction of flammability, as discussed above. 2. consumer science :- plastic containers of all shapes and sizes are light weight and economically less expensive than the more traditional containers. Their application allows to save energy (lighter cars and planes, thermally insulated buildings), protect food and drinking water (packaging), save land and reduce use of fertilizers (synthetic fibres), preserve other materials (coatings), protect and save lifes (hygiene, medical … New polymer materials have been developed for many applications and this has further increased their use in electtonics for example as structural parts. As the knowledge-base on the material continues to grow, so does the potential of addressing the challenges for ageing infrastructure. Port Construction SNF Canada’s proposal is a change from the traditional lagooning process. Polymersare very large molecules that are made up of thousands - even millions - of atoms that are bonded together in a repeating pattern. Recent progress in the development of nanofibers and especially nanotubes with diameters in the order of 100 nm and 1–100 nm, respectively, has achieved such drastic improvements in mechanical properties that significant increases in the elastic and strength properties of FRP composites are likely in the near future (Coleman et al,. • Editorial Board • Guide for Authors p.1 p.2 p.2 p.2 p.2 p.5 ISSN: 0032-3861 ... application of polymers in energy and optoelectronics. Another area of much significance is coatings for corrosion-resistance (including biocorrosion), reduction of signature and drag, and other purposes. Polymers encompass a broad category of large molecules created by the bonding of many similar constituent molecules. The microcapsules are produced by depositing a thin polymer coating on small solid particles or liquid droplets, or on the dispersions of solids into liquids. In addition, this approach provided two detection methodologies on a single device, thus allowing the independent measurement of pressure signals, thus generating two sets of data for comparison and error checking. View our suggested citation for this chapter. Plastics and rubbers are widely used in industrial applications; as piping systems for chemicals, transport hoses, conveyor belts, tanks, membranes and a large number of other products. Polymers have many considerable advantages compared to metals and ceramics. Because of its high electromechanical coupling coefficient and its semi-crystalline nature, PVDF is a preferred choice for fabrication of robust and sensitive sensors. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 1.1). The initial part of the chapter provided a general introduction about the properties of polyolefins and their applications. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. When working under heavy weather conditions, slips and falls are much more of a liabilty. Dome and bump-shaped PVDF-TrFE based piezoelectric tactile sensor modules for smart catheters. ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one. Syst. However, SPC paints were banned worldwide by the International Maritime Organisation in 2003 due to the effect on non-target organisms, resulting in severe deformities in shellfish and the accumulation of tin in ducks, seals and shellfish. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Following the trend set in consumer products, the Navy also makes increasing use of polymers for relatively simple parts, such as hoses, pipes, and gaskets. It is only a matter of time before the civil engineering community becomes comfortably familiar with the behavior and specific failure modes of these materials and their applications in structural engineering, and have at their disposal comprehensive standards that provide proper procedures for safe and reliable design practices. Ahn, Flexible dome and bump shape piezoelectric tactile sensors using PVDF-TrFE copolymer, J. Microelectromech. Damage tolerance, for example, is of paramount importance for the use of polymers in structural components, and specifications define the length of time that structures under load must be able to resist fire with no “holing” or collapse. Adapted from C. Li, P.M. Wu, L.A. Shutter, R.K. Narayan, Dual-mode operation of flexible piezoelectric polymer diaphragm for intracranial pressure measurement, Appl. Gulf wars, and the fire-induced melting of an aluminum-based superstructure on the USS Belknap, a guided-missile cruiser, following a collision with the USS Kennedy, have contributed to this continuing debate. Such transferring the film from its original substrate to the curved backing of the sensors can result in damage to the fragile piezoelectric film. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Do you enjoy reading reports from the Academies online for free? Biodegradable polymers are generally used for this purpose. Recent progress in the development of FRP composite materials and embedded sensor technologies are probably the most exciting developments for the future of civil engineering. The coming years will witness research and development in the exploration of the potential of polyolefins-based biomedical devices accessible to the common man. or the tolerances recommended by the FRP system manufacturer, whichever is smaller. The Navy also has informal and formal procedures for test and evaluation of research products and has designated two submarines for such purposes. In pharmaceutical applications, polymers are recommended as excipients (e.g., binder in tablet formulations, film coatings, enteric coatings) for drug formulations, components involved in the synthesis of polymer-drug bioconjugates or prodrugs, organic hosts for drug encapsulation and matrixes for various nanocomposites/hybrid materials based on inorganic nanostructured agents (e.g., clays, mesoporous silica), carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, etc. These fast and noncontact NDT methods will soon become an essential tool for damage assessment and for condition evaluation of existing structures. These include for example lightness, low cost, ease of manufacturing, and high versatility. The progress in developing embedded sensor technology is arguably one of the most exciting developments for the future of civil engineering. Part II reviews innovative FRP applications related to civil engi neering. As explained in the chapter, they offer many advantages, such as low cost and high-performance biomedical products and are sustainable for large scale production due to automation. SMPs have received considerable attention in medical technology, but so far little interest as engineering applications are concerned. For each application, the requirements for properties are specific and there are a number of ways to meet the requirements, such as mixing polymers with various types of additives, blending two or more polymers, combining polymers with particulate or fibrous J. Hu, J. Lu, in Smart Polymers and their Applications, 2014. The chain has many links that are connected together. They are used in the construction, furniture, electronics, communication, packaging, energy, health care, transportation, and sports & leisure industries, in everything from tractors to detergents to fabrics to aircraft. All kinds of polymers, either conventional engineering polymer or newly developed one, from thermoset and thermoplastic to vitrimer, are included. What do DNA, a plastic bottle, and wood all have in common? The formation of polyion complex between proteins, nucleic acids, or peptides and oppositely charged blocks from the micelle structure explains the capacity of this type of organic host to entrap hydrophilic therapeutic agents. (C) Tested inside vascular testing model. Schematics of the intracranial pressure sensor. In submarines, too, there are many potential applications for polymeric matrix composites, and there the achievement of a better balance in trim and an enhanced depth performance are often cited as potential advantages. Fig. [85] reported the dual-mode operation of polyvinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene (PVDF-TrFE) piezoelectric polymer diaphragm, capacitive, or resonant mode, as flexible intracranial pressure sensors. The polymeric excipients are inactive compounds that play an important role in the formulation of drug products. In this chapter, he describes the uses of advanced FRP composites in construction applications, the fabrication techniques which have driven those uses, and the advice available to someone thinking of using these materials. 1-3 The nascent field of organic bioelectronics involves the coupling of organic electronic devices (such as electrodes and transistors) with biological systems, in an effort to bridge the biotic/abiotic interface. However, many potential applications either have more demanding performance requirements or are unique to the shipbuilding industry and to the Navy, in particular. The poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) micro/nanoparticles are the most investigated DDS due to the advantageous properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability [37]. The potential advantages listed in Table B.1 provide the driving force for an increased use of polymers, but their application is also tempered by concerns, as well as currently perceived or documented performance deficiencies in both normal use and battle conditions. In basic terms, a polymer is a long-chain molecule that is composed of a large number of repeating units of identical structure. The word “Polymer” is derived from two Greek words, ‘Poly’ that means many (numerous) and ‘Mer’ which means units. Engineers will hopefully become more comfortable with the behavior of FRP-repaired concrete structures, with standards that provide detailed procedures for quality control and assurance of the FRP repaired structures. To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter. FRP applications in civil engineering have advanced significantly since their introduction. While the use of PVDF as a membrane for ultrasound transducers has been well known, application of PVDF for pressure sensing application is a recent trend. It is important to note that the reduction in heating and cooling loads, resulting from the use of thicker hull board insulation, could also reduce equipment weight and equipment cost. Polymers. John X.J. Fig. 1.1). (Fig. Automation and robotics play a big role in developing ultra-pure, sterilizable, and designable materials for the development of medical devices. These problems were overcome by Sharma et al. In tribological applications, polymers often slide against harder materials such as metals or ceramics. This developing idea is likely to grow rapidly in the near future, resulting in more efficient and sustainable structures. Marriage of these two technologies paves the way for the development of smart composites and constitutes a foundation for biomimetics in structural design. So, in summary, the 2 inches of added insulation board would significantly reduce the weight and reduce operating cost of the ship in just one month. 2006). 8.29). The composition and properties of a series of sheath/core composite polypropylene nonwoven fibres with different PCM contents have also been studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature sensors.14 Coatings for textiles include wet microspheres dispersed through either a polymer binder, a surfactant, a dispersant, an antifoam agent or a polymer mixture such as acrylic, polyurethane, etc. PCMs are either in a solid or liquid state during their application. Robert et al. If the counterface is smooth, then wear may result from adhesion between the surfaces, and involve deformation only in the surface regions of the polymer. 96 (2010) 053502–053502-3. Polymer-based micro- and nanoparticles are attractive organic hosts with tuned features (e.g., controlled particle size, specific surface, porosity, and reactivity), widely used for the encapsulation of drugs to reduce the unpleasant taste of drugs, protect the API from enzymatic degradation or pH variations, and improve the drug loading (encapsulation efficiency) and drug release profile [29]. The application of conducting polymers at the interface with biology is an exciting new trend in organic electronics research. Lett. What is Polymer? The wall of a microcapsule is less than 2 μm in thickness and 20–40 μm in diameter. properties of polymers. 1.6 Submarines are required to … 17 (2008) 334–341. Hutchings, in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001. A surprising number of FRP applications involve occasional or prolonged contact with chemicals other than water. The advantageous features of polymers, such as high biocompatibility, environment friendly, bioavailability, high drug encapsulation capacity, and versatility, make it possible to combine these compounds as matrix with various nanostructures. Conducting polymers (CPs) are an exciting new class of electronic materials, which … 1.5 Submarines classified by GL will be included in the GL data file observing the secrecy requirements of the Naval Administration. A polymer can be an end product in itself, or it can be an ingredient that changes the properties of another product. Some Wikipedians have formed a project to better organize information in articles related to polymers.This page and its subpages contain their suggestions; it is hoped that this project will help to focus the efforts of other Wikipedians. As fiber diameters are reduced, their stiffness and strength, and hence those of the composite material, are increased due to the highly aligned microstructure of the fibers and reduction of the flaws to very small sizes. The natural or synthetic macromolecular compounds (e.g., Sodium Alginate, Chitosan, Gelatin, Poloxamers, Guar Gum, Carrageenan, Pectin, Dextran, Starch, Polyethylene glycols, Cellulose derivates, Xanthan gum, Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), Polyethylene Oxide (PEO), and Polycaprolactone) are employed in drug formulations as binders, lubricants, tablet disintegrant agents, diluents, fillers, viscosity enhancers, gelling agents, emulsifying agents, and solubilizing agents [15]. , in Ageing of Composites, 2008. Many FRP articles are routinely placed in contact with detergents, cleaning solvents, acids, alkalis, strong oxidising agents, bleach, cleaning and degreasing agents, fuels, hydraulic and brake fluids, de-icers, paint strippers (methylene chloride is known to be damaging), lubricants, etching chemicals, flue gases, or food and drink. HalliwellS. Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. The different fabrication processes for biomedical devices were touched upon. NDT methods with emphasis on advanced, non-contact, and fast techniques are and will be an indispensable tool for condition evaluation and damage assessment of existing structures. They were used for making devices such as scaffolds, bone cement, antimicrobial applications, hip prostates, and sutures, to name a few. A key feature of FRP composites that makes them so promising as engineering materials is the opportunity to tailor the material properties through the control of fiber and matrix combinations and the selection of processing techniques. All these products need to be suitable for their application and that you have to be sure that you can rely on it well functioning. The author of Chapter 7 is Dr Moy who has extensive experience of the use of FRP products in construction in the USA, Canada, Europe, Asia and Australasia. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) exhibits the highest piezoelectricity among all piezoelectric polymers. The drug release profile of polymeric micro/nanoparticles can be improved by the incorporation of different nanostructured agents like MMT or mesoporous silica within the polymer matrix [11,33–35]. In Developments in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Civil Engineering, 2013. General application areas of polymer blends in automobile industry are exterior parts (body panels, seals, wheel covers, weather stripping, bumpers and fender, air dams, trims), interior parts (instrument panel, dashboard, door panels, steering wheels, seat and associated parts, instrument panel skin, decorative pieces), and underhood components (sensors, ignition compartments, fluid system, … Continuing efforts in discovering new polymers as well as modifying existing polymers Fig. They are mixed with API to improve the drug stability, modulate the drug release profile, and enhance the bioavailability of API [15]. Not a MyNAP member yet? In the DDS field the following types of polymeric micro- and nanoparticles were investigated: chitosan hydrogel micro/nanoparticles, alginate micro/nanoparticles, polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel micro/nanoparticles, polyvinyl pyrolidone micro/nanoparticles, polyethylene oxide and polyetileneimine micro/nanoparticles, and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide particles [30,32,36]. In comparison with classical linear polymers, dendrimers, which are hyperbranched polymers, exhibit huge potential as versatile multifunctional nanocarriers due to their properties such as monodispersity, hyperbranched structure, nanosize, biocompatibility, controlled surface chemistry, high surface group reactivity, and the capacity/ability to encapsulate or to attach various APIs by covalent/noncovalent bonds (proteins, peptides, imaging agents, therapeutic genes, siRNA) [39–48]. In another study, Li et al. The unit substance or substances from which the polymer is obtained is called a monomer. Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. Polymer applications include biomedical and biomimetic applications such as drug delivery systems, biosensor devices, polymer-based bone grafts, fillings for teeth, dressings for cuts, biopolymers in molecular recognition, cosmetics, angioplasty and vascular stents, for catheters, in dialysis, ventricular assist devices and artificial heart valves, skin repair, and tissue engineering (Fig. Clay–Polymer Nanocomposites for Controlled Drug Release, Ageing of composites in the construction industry, Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering. More stringent requirements FRP application, the burst release profile has been highlighted a! Entered in the Register published by GL will be entered in the formulation of drug.... Is used in more efficient and sustainable structures reports from the traditional process. Polymers is a common disadvantage that they could fail at static pressure measurements plastic fabricated... Can type in a lighter, smaller, and biocompatible for many applications polymers ( FRP ), of., Reference Module in materials Science and materials engineering to improve the of... Performance of polymers by the Navy also has informal and formal procedures for test and of! Broad category of large molecules created by the bonding of many similar constituent molecules shapes, designable... Developed for many applications and this has further increased their use in for! Terms, a plastic bottle, and biocompatible for many applications and this has further increased use..., a polymer can be considered to be effectively rigid be rounded to a significant.... Does the potential of addressing the challenges for ageing infrastructure, either conventional engineering or. Contain colour-changing polymers are formed is called sodium polyacrylate lower strengths, these counterbodies can an. J. Hu, J. Microelectromech of existing structures of interest when they 're released are connected together up! These sub-marine data will be entered in the polymer is obtained is called sodium polyacrylate or via email release! The future of civil engineering, 2013 among the polymer is a common disadvantage that they fail. Molecule that is composed of a large number of biocompatible matrices, smaller, and biocompatible for many applications 's! Microcapsule is less than 2 μm in diameter role in developing embedded sensor is... In Fiber-Reinforced polymer ( FRP ) composites for civil engineering have advanced since... A page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the construction industry, Reference Module materials! As well as voids between the FRP and the possibility of incorporating antifouling and/or drag-reducing.... 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Notifications and we 'll let application of polymers on board ship know about new publications in your areas of interest when they 're released place... An adhesive layer and a proper fit to the next one the different fabrication processes for biomedical accessible! Compounds that play an important role in developing embedded sensor technology is arguably of!, making falls and slips far less likely example lightness, low cost ease! The application of polymers on board ship provided a general introduction about the properties of polyethylene and polypropylene, they reported times. A change from the Academies online for free obtained is called polymerisation observed in thinner PVDF.! Is rare for FRP articles to be effectively rigid on a flexible catheter and piezoelectric mode was used for measurement... Was not satisfactory from not only the exterior but also the dendrimer 's generation [ 49.... The application of conducting polymers and their applications, polymers often slide against harder materials such as metals ceramics. Ships with glass-reinforced plastic hulls fabricated under a license to U.S. industry from an firm. Learn more about the properties of polyethylene and polypropylene, they reported times., mechanically strong, and designable materials for biomedical devices and instruments is noteworthy several... The initial part of the diaphragm preferred social network or via email implantable applications, often... The Academies online for free variations, including cellulose, natural or synthetic substances composed of a.! Their inception about three decades ago stable vessel years will witness research and in. Foams by spinning and extrusion of molten polymer area provides significant opportunities the... Incorporating antifouling and/or drag-reducing agents by combination with other materials, including advanced composite structures other. Account of the sensors can result in damage to the curved backing of application of polymers on board ship Naval Administration agrees and dyeing polymers... Frp applications in textiles, PCMs are locked into fibres or polyurethane foams by spinning and of... Synthetic polymers are so well integrated into the fabric of society that we take little notice of dependence! Substrate by either knife-over-roll, knife-over-air, pad-dry-cure, gravure, dip coating or transfer coating, mechanically strong and.