For example, in an experimental demonstration of avoidance that involves a tone and an aversive air blast, the rat will likely require (one/more than one) _ conditioning trial. Major advantages of using the sound of a click for shaping are that the click can be delivered _ and the animal is unlikely to _ upon it. As well, the rat's avoidance behavior is likely to be (more/less) _ consistent than the bee phobic's avoidance behavior. response deprivation hypothesis; below; baseline. -Rate of responding > Independent of rate of reinforcement. Log in Sign up. The food pellets were delivered for the first response after 14, 5, 9, and 20 seconds. E) cognition. Pietro is having great difficulty sleeping, is easily startled, and has developed various phobias. From the perspective of this being an extinction process, Laura's behavior can be seen as an example of a(n) _. By comparison, the bee-phobic person who was once stung avoids _, which is a (CS/US) _. Of the four simple schedules, the contingency governing Jason's behavior of asking Neem for a date seems most similar to a _ schedule of reinforcement. Right after Gina was stung by a hornet, she was as likely to run away from houseflies as from hornets, which is an example of stimulus _____________. She then moved to Dallas and set her sights on meeting someone new. Reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior, or its likelihood of being repeated, and punishment decreases it. Yan lives in a very crowded city, so he teaches his little boy to stay in close contact with his right hand whenever they are walking in a crowd. The basic principles involve the manipulation of consequences which follow behavior in order to modify behavior. Flashcards . Operant Conditioning: Operant Conditioning takes place with the involvement of two major concepts including reinforcements and punishments following the behavior which will result in either an increase or decrease of the acquired behavior. Write. Operant Conditioning is a simple description of operant conditioning / instrumental learning and why it is important in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Throughout the rest of the semester, Ahmed was probably (more/less) _ interested in his schoolwork. Operant Conditioning (OC) is a method of learning developed by behaviourist, B.F. Skinner, who believed that human behaviour is extrinsically motivated. Classical conditioning, also known as Pavlovian conditioning, also involves learning a new behavior through the process of association.​2​ Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov first experimented with classical conditioning in the late 1800s. A _ schedule consists of two or more component schedules, each of which has its own _ stimulus and the last of which results in a _ reinforcer. Losing your wallet by being careless is an example of a (negative/positive) _ punisher, while getting a shock by being careless is an example of a _ punisher (assuming in each case that the behavior _ in frequency). His behavior of thumping the television set is on a (be specific and use the abbreviation) _ schedule of reinforcement. Harpreet very much enjoys hard work and often volunteers for projects that are quite demanding. According to Mineka, there are limitations in the extent to which experimental demonstrations of avoidance are analogous to human phobias. This is an example of (A) negative reinforcement, (B) negative punishment, (C) positive reinforcement, (D) positive punishment. Operant Conditioning. Log in Sign up. He might also learn that an effective means of controlling others is through the use of_. _ (Think carefully about this.). On a _ schedule (abbreviated _), reinforcement is contingent upon a varying, unpredictable number of responses. It can also involve negative reinforcement, such as rewarding a dog for walking close to its owner by relaxing the unpleasant tension on the leash. Definition. Find GCSE resources for every subject. Specialty. According to the _ hypothesis, however, this is because exposures to the aversive _ are too brief for _ to take place. This can be considered an example of an extinction effect known as _. This then acts as a _ reinforcer for the behavior of checking. 0. To solve this problem, she announces that whenever she is holding up a flag, the children can run around and do whatever they want. Clarify what positive and negative mean. When Trish's friend Laura spread some nasty rumors about her, Trish stopped talking to her. learned industriousness; positively reinforced. While teaching his daughter the letters of the alphabet, Vern would say each letter as he showed it to her and then encourage her to repeat what he said. Obert's tendency to pretend that he was ill was strengthened through the process of _. A _ indicates the strength of responding in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the _ and that vary along a _. Laura tried very hard to get Trish to talk to her. Each time a student studies at home, she is praised by her parents. On a _ schedule (abbreviated _), the reinforcer is delivered following a fixed interval of time, regardless of the organism's behavior. C) observational learning. Money and praise are common examples of _ reinforcers. For example, imagine that a parent punishes a child for throwing a toy. This produces a _ rate of response. She even asked Trish if she would like to go to the local video arcade, which had been a favorite activity of theirs when they first became friends. The consequence is that she gets a fish. Achieving a record number of strikeouts in a game would be a(n) (natural/contrived) _ reinforcer for pitching well; receiving a bonus for throwing that many strikeouts would be a(n) _ reinforcer. Choose from 500 different sets of skinner operant conditioning flashcards on Quizlet. On a _ schedule (abbreviated _), reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed, predictable number of responses. A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcement or diminished by a punishment, - First psychologist to formulate the theory of operant conditioning (not the father), A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement, Removes an aversive stimulus; this is not a punishment, Gains power through its association with the primary reinforcer; a learned reinforcer, - Used to increase a list of acceptable behaviors by earning tokens, States that a reinforcement should mean something to the individual, A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior, A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior, We ma be inclined to engage in______________________ reinforcers, rather than________________reinforcers which requires consistent study or action, A particular response is reinforced every time it occurs, Reinforcing only some responses, results in slower acquistion but greater resistance to extinction, Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses, results in high rates of responding, Reinforcement after average/unpredictable number of responses, very high steady tares of responding, Reinforcement after fixed amount of time has elapsed, Reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time, low steady rate of response, Process by which a stimulus follows a response and reduces the frequency of the response; opposite of reinforcement, Administers an aversive/undesired stimulus, When an organism learns to perform an operation to terminate an ongoing, aversive stimulus, Similar to escape conditioning but included a CS and is preventive in nature, Occurs when successive approximations of a behavior are rewarded so that the organism eventually produces the desired behavior, Describes the fact that many responses will be combined in a sequence for only one reward, Observed/experienced through someone else and learning happens, Experience has taught them they have no control over what will happen to them, A mental representation of the layout of one's environment, A relatively sudden solution comes t mind to a problem like a "light bulb turning on over a persons head", Studied insight with chimps in the 1920's by putting bananas in hard to reach locations and watched how the chimps got to them, he claims after trial and error that the chimps stopped and reflected on their actions to ind a solution, Desire to perform behavior for ones own sake and to be effective, The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do; undermines intrinsic motivation, Desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. 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